Earnestine Robinson, on behalf of her minor children, Cherokee, LaJuan, and Mytesha, filed suit along with other plaintiffs against the State of Kansas, its governor, and two state education officials challenging the state's school financing scheme. Defendants filed motions to dismiss. The district court denied the motions holding, inter alia, that defendants do not enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit. Robinson v. Kansas, 117 F. Supp. 2d 1124 (D.Kan.2000). Defendants filed an interlocutory appeal of the Eleventh Amendment immunity issue.1 We affirm.

Plaintiffs contend the Kansas state school financing system, through a provision for "low enrollment weighting" and "local option budgets," results in less funding per pupil in schools where minority students, students who are not of United States origin, and students with disabilities are disproportionately enrolled. See School District Finance and Quality Performance Act, KAN. STAT. ANN. §§ 72-6405 through 72-6440 (1992) (SDFQPA). According to plaintiffs, SDFQPA and its enforcement have a discriminatory disparate impact on such students in violation of the implementing regulations of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-1, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § § 701 et seq., and plaintiffs' rights to due process and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. They seek an injunction barring enforcement of the Act.2

After the parties filed their briefs with this court, and well after plaintiffs filed their original complaint, the Supreme Court held there is no private right of action to enforce disparate impact claims under the Department of Education regulations issued pursuant to section 602 of Title VI, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d.3 See Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517 (2001).4 The Court's decision does not bar all claims to enforce to such regulations, but only disparate impact claims brought by private parties directly under Title VI. Id. at 299-300, 121 S. Ct. 1511 (Stevens, J., dissenting). Disparate impact claims may still be brought against state officials for prospective injunctive relief through an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to enforce section 602 regulations.5 Id.

The decision in Sandoval does not affect plaintiffs' right to bring a disparate impact claim under section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and defendants do not contend otherwise. See New Mexico Ass'n for Retarded Citizens v. New Mexico, 678 F.2d 847, 854 (10th Cir.1982) (recognizing cause of action under section 504 based on claims of disparate impact); see also Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 299, 105 S. Ct. 712, 83 L. Ed. 2d 661 (1985) (declining to decide whether disparate impact claims may be brought under section 504). While the language of the relevant sections of the Rehabilitation Act and Title VI are essentially identical, compare 29 U.S.C. § 794 with 42 U.S.C.2000d, the Court's decision in Choate laid out the different aim of the Rehabilitation Act as well as the different context in which the Act was passed. See Choate, 469 U.S. at 296-97, 105 S. Ct. 712 ("[M]uch of the conduct that Congress sought to alter in passing the Rehabilitation Act would be difficult if not impossible to reach were the Act construed to proscribe only conduct fueled by a discriminatory intent."); see also id. at 294 n. 11, 105 S. Ct. 712 (noting that by the time Congress enacted the Rehabilitation Act every cabinet department and about 40 federal agencies had adopted standards in which Title VI was interpreted to bar programs with a discriminatory impact). Therefore, our decision in New Mexico Ass'n for Retarded Citizens continues to control.

Defendants contend the Eleventh Amendment of the United States Constitution bars plaintiffs' suit. Defendants maintain that Congress did not abrogate their Eleventh Amendment immunity, that they did not waive such immunity, and that the relief sought against state officials named as defendants does not fall under the Ex Parte Young doctrine.6

The Eleventh Amendment issue challenges our subject matter jurisdiction, and the district court considered the matter as a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss. We review the district court's decision de novo. See ANR Pipeline Co. v. Lafaver, 150 F.3d 1178, 1186 (10th Cir.1998) (citing SK Finance SA v. La Plata County, Bd. of County Comm'rs, 126 F.3d 1272, 1275 (10th Cir.1997)) (dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) standard); see also Powder River Basin Resource Council v. Babbitt, 54 F.3d 1477, 1483 (10th Cir.1995) (dismissal under Eleventh Amendment/Ex Parte Young doctrine).

The Supreme Court interprets the Eleventh Amendment as a bar to suits in federal courts against an unconsenting state brought by the state's own citizens. See Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 662-63, 94 S. Ct. 1347, 39 L. Ed. 2d 662 (1974). As with all constitutional rights, the rule of state sovereign immunity is not absolute. Congress may abrogate such immunity in the exercise of its power to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment. See Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445, 96 S. Ct. 2666, 49 L. Ed. 2d 614 (1976); College Sav. Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 666, 670, 119 S. Ct. 2219, 144 L. Ed. 2d 605 (1999). Moreover, a state may waive its sovereign immunity. See Innes v. Kan. State Univ. (In re Innes), 184 F.3d 1275, 1278 (10th Cir.1999); see also Lapides v. Bd. of Regents, ___ U.S. ___, ___ - ___, 122 S. Ct. 1640, 1643-44, 152 L. Ed. 2d 806 (2002); College Savs. Bank, 527 U.S. at 670, 119 S. Ct. 2219; Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 238 n. 1, 105 S. Ct. 3142, 87 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1985). In addition, when a private party sues a state officer for prospective injunctive or declaratory relief from an ongoing violation of the Constitution or federal laws, the suit is not considered to be against the state itself and the Eleventh Amendment does not apply. See Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159-60, 28 S. Ct. 441, 52 L. Ed. 714 (1908); see also Timpanogos Tribe, 286 F.3d at 1205.

Defendants contend Congress did not validly abrogate state sovereign immunity so as to allow plaintiffs to sue them in federal court. They further maintain Kansas has not waived its sovereign immunity from suit in federal court. Finally, they contend Ex Parte Young is inapplicable in this case. Because we hold that Kansas has waived its sovereign immunity with respect to the claims against it for violation of the Rehabilitation Act,7 we need not reach the abrogation claim. We also hold that the Ex parte Young doctrine is applicable to permit suit against the state officials pursuant to section 1983 for the alleged violations of Title VI and the Fourteenth Amendment.

As the Supreme Court has bluntly stated, it is an "unremarkable ... proposition that the States may waive their sovereign immunity...." Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 65, 116 S. Ct. 1114, 134 L. Ed. 2d 252 (1996). Such waiver may occur through a variety of statements or actions. Waiver may be voluntary, such as when a state invokes federal court jurisdiction. See Lapides, ___ U.S. at ___ - ___, 122 S.Ct. at 1643-44; College Sav. Bank, 527 U.S. at 675, 119 S. Ct. 2219. Waiver can also occur when the state "unequivocally" expresses its intent to submit itself to our jurisdiction. Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 99, 104 S. Ct. 900, 79 L. Ed. 2d 67 (1984). While an unequivocal expression of waiver may be effected by language in a state statute or constitutional provision, waiver may also result from a state's actions, specifically, its participation in a particular federal program. See Innes, 184 F.3d at 1278 (quoting Atascadero, 473 U.S. at 238 n. 1, 105 S. Ct. 3142); see also id. at 1280 ("[W]aiver may be found not only in the text of a state statute or constitution but also by examining the underlying facts and circumstances of the case."). Any waiver requires "an unequivocal indication that the State intends to consent to federal jurisdiction that would otherwise be barred by the Eleventh Amendment." Atascadero, 473 U.S. at 238 n. 1, 105 S. Ct. 3142. Such is the case now before us.

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §§ 701 et seq., was enacted to combat disadvantage suffered by and imposed upon people with mental and physical disabilities. See 29 U.S.C. § 794. While Congress may have intended the tenets of this statute to apply to states and state entities, the Supreme Court was not convinced. In Atascadero, the Court held the Rehabilitation Act "falls far short of manifesting a clear intent to condition participation in the programs funded under the Act on a State's consent to waive its constitutional immunity." Atascadero, 473 U.S. at 246, 105 S. Ct. 3142. Declaration of this clear statement rule led Congress, in 1986, to amend, inter alia, the Rehabilitation Act and Title VI, to include such a clear statement.

A State shall not be immune under the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of the United States from suit in Federal Court for a violation of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act [29 U.S.C. 794], title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 [20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.], the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 [42 U.S.C. 6101 et seq.], title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C.2000d et seq.], or the provisions of any other Federal statute prohibiting discrimination by recipients of Federal financial assistance.

42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7(a)(1).

In Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 197-200, 116 S. Ct. 2092, 135 L. Ed. 2d 486 (1996), the Supreme Court declared section 2000d-7 to constitute "the sort of unequivocal waiver that our precedents demand."8 We therefore hold that by accepting federal financial assistance as specified in 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7, states and state entities waive sovereign immunity from suit. In doing so, we join our sister circuits who have uniformly so held as well. See Jim C. v. United States, 235 F.3d 1079, 1081-82 (8th Cir.2000) (en banc); Pederson v. Louisiana State Univ., 213 F.3d 858, 875-876 (5th Cir.2000); Stanley v. Litscher, 213 F.3d 340, 344 (7th Cir.2000); Sandoval v. Hagan, 197 F.3d 484, 493-94 (11th Cir.1999), rev'd on other grounds, Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517 (2001); Litman v. George Mason Univ., 186 F.3d 544, 553-54 (4th Cir.1999); Clark v. California, 123 F.3d 1267, 1271 (9th Cir.1997).

Defendants also rely heavily upon our decision in In re Innes. Innes involved a question of waiver of sovereign immunity in the context of a contract between Kansas State University (KSU) and the United States Department of Education. The contract required KSU to perform certain actions, including submitting to federal court jurisdiction. No federal statute was involved, so the court was forced to inquire into the context surrounding the formation of the contract and the state statutes authorizing the making of such contracts by the state board of regents. Here, we have a federal statute under which a state unequivocally waives its immunity when it chooses to accept federal financial assistance. Defendants do not contend they did not voluntarily accept these funds, see Litman, 186 F.3d at 553, nor do they contend Congress has exercised its spending clause powers in an unconstitutional manner, see id. at 552-553 (citing South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203, 107 S. Ct. 2793, 97 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1987)); see also College Sav. Bank, 527 U.S. at 686, 119 S. Ct. 2219 (same). Thus, we fail to see how Innes is applicable.9

Plaintiffs also bring claims against Kansas' governor, the chairperson of the Kansas Board of Education, and the commissioner of the Kansas Board of Education in their official capacities seeking relief in the form of an injunction barring them from enforcing state laws found to be violative of federal law. We deal here with plaintiffs' Fourteenth Amendment claims. Our analysis will apply equally to plaintiffs' Title VI claims if plaintiffs amend their complaint on remand to allege a violation of Title VI under section 1983.10

As discussed above, the Ex Parte Young doctrine permits suits seeking prospective injunctive relief against state officials acting in their official capacities. See Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. at 159-160, 28 S. Ct. 441 (1908); see also Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 n. 10, 109 S. Ct. 2304, 105 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1989); Elephant Butte Irrigation Dist. v. Dep't of the Interior, 160 F.3d 602, 607-608 (10th Cir.1998). In determining whether the Ex Parte Young doctrine governs a case, we apply a four-part framework.

First, we determine whether the action is against state officials or the state itself. Second, we look at whether the alleged conduct of the state officials constitutes a violation of federal law. Third, we assess whether the relief sought is permissible prospective relief or analogous to a retroactive award of damages impacting the state treasury. Finally, we analyze whether the suit rises to the level of implicating "special sovereignty interests."

Timpanogos Tribe, 286 F.3d at 1205 (quoting ANR Pipeline Co., 150 F.3d at 1193).11

Applying the facts of this case to the doctrine of Ex Parte Young renders an easy conclusion. Without question, this action is against state officials acting in their official capacity: the Governor, the Commissioner of the state Board of Education, and the Chairperson of the state Board of Education. Relying upon a decision from the District of Maryland, defendants assert Ex Parte Young does not apply because the state was named as a party. See Farmer v. Ramsay, 41 F. Supp. 2d 587 (D.Md.1999). However, even that decision acknowledged that while a state may not be sued directly for a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, a party may seek prospective injunctive relief against state officials. See id. at 591. Insofar as plaintiffs seek such relief against defendant state officials, and not the state itself, their claims survive this part of the Ex Parte Young inquiry.

It is quite clear that the alleged conduct of the state officials constitutes a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and, potentially, Title VI. It is also clear that the relief sought, upon amendment of plaintiffs' complaint, is permissible prospective relief: an injunction barring state officials from enforcing SDFQPA in a manner that violates federal law.12 Although "[i]n many instances, even prospective relief will burden the state's treasury to some degree," Elephant Butte, 160 F.3d at 611 (citing Edelman, 415 U.S. at 668, 94 S. Ct. 1347), this is not such an instance. Not only will the relief not require the payment of state funds, but more importantly it will "remedy future rather than past wrongs." Id. (citations and quotations omitted).

Defendants also assert plaintiffs' claims implicate "special sovereignty interests" similar to those set out in Coeur d'Alene Tribe, 521 U.S. at 281-88, 117 S. Ct. 2028. In Coeur d'Alene Tribe, following an epic review of the history of state control over navigable waters, the Supreme Court held that a quiet title action for control of such waters implicated special sovereignty interests. This court, in ANR Pipeline, 150 F.3d at 1193-94, held that states possess a special sovereignty interest in its tax collection system. "[I]t is impossible to imagine that a state government could continue to exist without the power to tax." Id. at 1193. But we note that "special sovereignty interests" exist only in "particular and special circumstances." Coeur d'Alene Tribe, 521 U.S. at 287, 117 S. Ct. 2028. This court has described Coeur d'Alene as an "extreme and unusual case." Harris v. Owens, 264 F.3d 1282, 1293 (10th Cir.2001) (quoting Elephant Butte, 160 F.3d at 612). See also J.B. v. Valdez, 186 F.3d 1280, 1286-87 (10th Cir.1999). Defendants have not come close to convincing us that the case here is either extreme or unusual.

Again, defendants' arguments are based on plaintiffs' unamended complaint and thus focus on the state's "special sovereignty interest" in enacting and revising its own laws rather than having a court order the legislature to revise laws a certain way. They present no arguments as to how enjoining officials from enforcing a state school finance law would implicate the "special sovereignty interests" of the sort described in ANR and Coeur d'Alene Tribe. We cannot see how the facts presented make this an "extreme and unusual case" that would require a ruling that the relief requested implicates "special sovereignty interests."13 We thus hold that defendant state officials are not protected by the Eleventh Amendment, pursuant to the Ex Parte Young doctrine.

For the forgoing reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court denying defendants' motion to dismiss on the basis of Eleventh Amendment immunity.